CAS Number: 53-84-9
Molecular Formula: C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂
Molecular Weight: 663.43 g/mol
Sequence: N/A — NAD+ is a dinucleotide coenzyme, not a peptide
Structural Components:
| Component | Detail |
|---|---|
| Moiety 1 | Nicotinamide (niacinamide / Vitamin B3 derivative) |
| Moiety 2 | Adenine (purine nucleobase) |
| Sugar Units | Two ribose sugars |
| Linkage | Two phosphate groups joined by a phosphoanhydride bond (pyrophosphate bridge) |
| Active Site | Nicotinamide ring — accepts/donates hydride (H⁻) for redox reactions |
Note: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism found in all living cells. It consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups — one containing adenine and the other nicotinamide. Paragonsportsmedicine As it is not a peptide or protein, it has no amino acid sequence. The MW listed is for the free acid form (NAD⁺, oxidized).
What Is NAD+?
NAD+ is an important coenzyme essential for metabolism, energy production, gene regulation, and cellular communication, found in all living cells. PubMed Central It plays roles in critical biological processes including oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production, DNA repair, calcium-dependent secondary messaging, and gene expression. Innerbody NAD+ concentrations in humans may be 10–80% lower with advancing age, and numerous diseases are associated with reduced NAD+ levels, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzdiscovery The most studied ways to boost NAD+ are through precursor compounds — primarily nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).
Areas of Active Research:
1. Anti-Aging & Longevity
A wealth of evidence demonstrates that a decline in cellular NAD+ is a feature of aging and may play a role in the aging process itself. NAD+ plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolism and is a co-substrate for enzymes that play key roles in pathways that modify aging. Frontiers Cells from people with Werner syndrome (a rare premature aging disorder) showed less aging and better mitochondrial activity when researchers added nicotinamide riboside. e-DMJ
2. Metabolic Health & Insulin Sensitivity
A small 2021 study found that 250 mg of NAD+ daily helped improve insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal people with prediabetes. e-DMJ In animal studies, NAD+ precursor supplementation effectively mitigates metabolic syndrome and enhances cardiovascular health. PubMed Central
3. Cardiovascular Health
Experimental elevation of NAD+ improves atherosclerosis, ischemic, diabetic, arrhythmogenic, hypertrophic, and dilated cardiomyopathies, as well as different modalities of heart failure in preclinical models. NAD+ pools that are restored also extend healthspan, avoid metabolic syndrome, and reduce blood pressure. PubMed Central
4. Brain & Neurological Health
NAD+ precursor supplementation has been shown to protect against neurodegeneration in animal studies. PubMed Central Clinical trials have also examined NAD+ in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, though human evidence remains limited.
5. Muscle Strength & Physical Performance
Preclinical studies suggest NAD+ boosting has profound effects on physiological function including muscular strength and exercise capacity. Alzdiscovery Animal studies show NAD+ precursor supplementation boosts muscular strength. PubMed Central
6. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Some randomized clinical trials have examined NAD+ in participants with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Innerbody, with some studies suggesting improvements in energy and fatigue levels, though evidence remains preliminary.
7. Skin Health
NAD+’s DNA repair abilities may help UV-damaged skin and prevent early aging, and people with psoriasis saw benefits from topical NAD+ as it slowed excessive skin cell growth. e-DMJ
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